EXPLANATION OF THE VERSE REGARDING JESUS (‘ISA ALAYHIS SALAAM) “CAUSED TO DIE” IN QUR’AN
By Mufti Muhammad Shafi (rahimahullah)
When Allah said: “O ‘Isa! I am to take you in full and raise you towards Myself, and cleanse you of those who disbelieve, and place those who follow you above those who disbelieve, upto the Day of Doom. Then to Me is your return, whereupon I shall judge between you in what you have been differing in.” [Qur’an 3:55]
In these verses the miraculous event of the Ascension of Sayyidina ‘Isa (Jesus Christ) has been mentioned.
Explanation of important words in the verse
Some sects (& Qadiani Kafirs) which deny, contrary to the belief of the entire Muslim community, the Ascension of Sayyidina ‘Isa (alayhissalaam) (Jesus Christ), his being alive in the heavens and his descension towards the later times, have worked through the words and meanings of these verses to open doors of distortion in the Qur’anic text. Therefore, it seems appropriate that these words be explained in some details.
The word, Mutawaffi’ in Innee Mutawaffika takes tawaffi as its verbal noun with its root being wafyun. Lexically, the word means ‘to take in full’. This being its real meaning, its derivations wafa, ifa’ and ‘istifa’ are used to convey that sense. In fact, the real meaning of tawaffi is ‘to take in full’ which is universalIy confirmed by all lexicons of the Arabic language. Since man completes his appointed time at the hour of death and the spirit or soul given by Allah is taken back fully and conclusively, it is in that context that this word is also used figuratively in the sense of death. A simple form of death is the daily sleep of human beings. For this too, the Holy Qur’an uses the same word when it says:
‘Allah takes away lives of the living at the time of their death and of those that do not die, in their sleep’. [Qur’an 39:42]
Hafiz Ibn Taimiyyah says in al-Jawab al-Sahih v. 2, p. 83:
Al-tawaffi, in the Arabic language, means: to exact fully or take in full. It takes three forms;
the first: to take in sleep;
the second: to take in death; and
the third: to take the soul and the body all together.
In Kulliyat Abu al-Baqa’, it is said:
Al-tawaffi is putting to death and exacting of the soul in common usage while, in the classical usage, it is taking in full and the exacting of the due right.
Therefore, the majority of scholars have translated the word Mutawaffika in the verse under study in the sense of ‘taking in full’. This means that Allah will not leave Sayyidina ‘Isa in the hands of the Jews, rather He would take him away which would be in the form that he would be risen unto Him in the heavens.
This is how the words ‘I am to take you in full’ have been interpreted by the majority of the scholars. However, some authentic commentators of the Holy Qur’an have interpreted these words in the sense of ‘giving death’ also, but they do not mean that the death of Sayyidina ‘Isa (alayhissalaam) will occur at the hands of his enemies. The true meaning of the verse, according to these commentators is as follows:
Allah Almighty said two things to comfort ‘Isa Maseeh (alayhissalaam) (Jesus) at a time when the Jews were bent on killing him.
One: That his death will come, not at their hands in the form of killing, but that it would be a natural death.
Two: In order to rescue him from the evil designs of those people, Allah Almighty will, at that time, raise Jesus towards Him.
This explanation is exactly what has been reported from Sayyidina Ibn ‘Abbas (radhiyallahu anhu) as quoted by al-Suyuti in his al-Durr al-Manthur v. 2, p. 36 on the authority of several narrators.
The gist of this tafsir or explanation is that tawaffi does mean giving death, but there is the element of precedence and sequence in the words used. The fact of Raafi’uka (I shall raise you) will come first and that Mutawaffika (I shall give you death) later. Now at this point, the wisdom behind mentioning the phenomenon of the earlier lies in the hint that it gives about the events which are to come later on. It means that raising towards Allah will not last forever; it would be temporary and then, he would return to the mortal world and prevail over enemies and later on, death will come to him in a natural way.
Thus, the event of his return from heaven and his death after having established his victory in the world was not only a miracle but a consummation of the honour and integrity of Jesus (‘Isa alayhissalaam). In addition to that, the unfounded Christian belief in the divinity of Jesus was also refuted. Had it not been so, the event of Jesus being raised towards the heavens alive would have further strengthened their false belief that he too was Living and Eternal like Allah. Therefore, by introducing the word Mutawaffika (pointing out to his death) first, all those misconceptions which might have arisen from ‘raising of Jesus’ have been refuted in advance.
The reality is that disbelievers and polytheists have always been vehemently opposed to prophets (alayhimussalaam). And parallel to that there has been the customary practice of Allah – when a people unto whom a prophet has been sent stick to their own opinion, do not listen to the prophet and do not believe in him even after having witnessed the miracles, then, one of the following two counter-actions were taken:
Either those people were annihilated through some natural calamity as was done with ‘Ad and Thamud and the peoples of Prophets Lut and Saalih (alayhimussalaam) or, alternatively Allah would instruct His prophet to migrate from the habitat of disbelievers and go to some other place. It was there that they were provided with such power and glory that they finally achieved victory against the people whom they were sent to. For example Prophet Ibrahim (alayhissalaam), migrated from Iraq and sought refuge in Syria. Similarly, Prophet Musa (Moses) alayhissalaam, migrated from Egypt and came to Madyan. Finally, the Last prophet, Muhammad (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) migrated from Makkah and came to Madinah. It was from there that he finally attacked Makkah and conquered it. This raising of Jesus to the heavens to outmaneuver the threatening designs of the Jews was, in fact, an act of emigration in its own way following which he would return to this world and achieve total victory over the Jews.
Now comes the question as to why this emigration of his, quite separate from the rest, has the heavens as the destination? So, for that matter, Allah Almighty has Himself said about him that his case is like that of Adam (alayhissalaam). The way in which Adam’s (alayhissalaam) birth differs from the normal birth of the rest of creation, (i.e., without a father and a mother) so it is that the birth of Jesus took a miraculous form different from the normal birth of human beings; and his death too, taking a unique and unmatched form, will materialize after thousands of years following his return to the world – unprecedented indeed. Why then, should one be surprised if his emigration too follows some such unique pattern?
These marvels of nature led the ignorant among Christians into believing and declaring that he was God, while deliberation into the various aspects of these very marvels, are clear proofs of his servitude as a human being to God, obedience to the Divine will and the demonstration of human traits. It is for this reason that the Holy Qur’an has made a pointed reference to the refutation of belief in the Godhood of Jesus on all such occasions. The raising towards the heavens would have made this doubt all the more strong. Therefore, by bringing the word mutawaffika (I am to take you in full) earlier, this doubt was totally eliminated. Thus we come to realize that this verse, no doubt, aims at negating the Jewish plans since they were all set to crucify and kill Jesus (alayhissalaam), and that Allah Almighty made their plans come to nothing. Moreover, this precedence and sequence of words became the mode of refuting the Christians as well, that Jesus was no God who was never to die but that a time will come when he too will meet his death.
In his Tafsir Imam al-Razi has said that such precedence and sequence occurs frequently in the noble Qur’an in order to cover similar expedient considerations under which an event due later has been mentioned first while an event due earlier has been placed after that. [al-Tafsir al-Kabir, v. 2, p. 48]
As for Rafi’uka Ila’yy (And I shall raise you towards Me), the meaning is clear. Addressing Jesus here, it has been said: ‘I shall raise you to- wards Me’. Every one knows that Jesus is not the name of just the spirit but that of the spirit and the body of Jesus.
Now taking the raising of Jesus in the sense that the act of raising was spiritual only, and not Physical, is all wrong. AS far as the word, raf (raising) is concerned, there are occasions when it is also used to indicate raising of ranks as it appears in the following verses of the noble Qur’an:
…And raised some of you in ranks over others [Qur’an 6:165].
…and Allah will raise up in rank those of you who believe and those who have been given knowledge [Qur’an 58:11].
So, it is obvious that the word, raf (raising), in the sense of the raising of rank or status has been used figuratively in view of the context of the aforementioned verses. There is no reason here to ignore the real meaning and go by that which is figurative. Moreover, by using the word, ila’ : (towards) along with the word, raf (raising), at this particular place, the possibility of such a figurative meaning has been totally eliminated. What is said in this verse is rafi’uka ilaiyya: I shall raise you towards Me. Then there is the verse from Surah al-Nisa’ [4:158], which refutes the belief of Jews; there too, what was said is: the Jews certainly did not kill Jesus, instead, Allah raised him towards Himself. This later expression is used for nothing but the raising alive of the spirit and the body.
Explained this far were the words of the verse.